1.+Defining+the+Field

**Early 20th Century: Visual Instruction Movement**
The field of instructional technology focused on the physical means through which instruction was delivered to learners - //instructional media//

//Visual instruction// - "the use of all types of visual aids such as...flat pictures, models, exhibits, charts, maps, graphs, stereographs, steropticion slides, and motion pictures (Dorris, 1928 p.6)

**1920s - 1940s: Audiovisual Instruction**
Technology advances led to a shift from just visual media to audio visual media - sound recordings, radio broadcasting, motion picture with sound and eventually the television.

**1960s - 1970s: Instructional Technology as a Process**
"The field of instructional technology should was seen as the "application of science to instructional practices" (Lumsdaine 1964) or as a way of "looking at instructional problems and examining feasible solutions to those problems" (Finn 1960).

** 1990s: Beyond Viewing Instructional Technology as a Process **
Advances in technology and shifting learning theories began to have a major influence on design practices. Cognitive and constructivist learning theories began to take the place of behavioral learning theory in influencing instructional technology. 5 Domains of Instructional Technology:

** A New Definition **
"The field of instructional design and technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace.

Professionals in the field of instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design procedures and employ a variety of instructional media to accomplish their goals. Moreover, in recent years, they have paid increasing attention to non-instructional solutions to some performance problems. Research and theory related to each of the aforementioned areas is also an important part of the field" (Reiser 2002).

** Instructional Design definition #2 **
**History of Instructional Design A Hypertext History of Instructional Design: 1920 - The Future **

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